The learning outcomes for this unit are described below. These outcomes are built from the learning activities in lectures, tutorials, laboratory and independent study. Important attributes are:

• the ability to apply scientific knowledge and critical thinking to identify, define and analyse problem and create solutions: you will be expected to demonstrate these outcomes on problems drawn from the material presented in the course and to novel situations.
• the ability to evaluate your own performance and development and to recognize gaps in your knowledge: keep a portfolio of your progress using the 'self assessment tool'

• Generic Attributes
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  apply scientific knowledge and critical thinking to identify, define and analyse problems, create solutions, evaluate opinions, innovate and improve current practices
  •  gather, evaluate and deploy information relevant to a scientific problem
  •  disseminate new knowledge and engage in debate about scientific issues
  •  recognize the rapid and sometimes major changes in scientific knowledge and technology, and to value the importance of continual growth in knowledge and skills
  •  use a range of computer software packages in the process of gathering, processing and disseminating scientific knowledge
  •  make value judgements about the reliability and relevance of information in a scientific context
  •  evaluate your own performance and development, to recognize gaps in knowledge and acquire new knowledge independently
  •  set achievable and realistic goals and monitor and evaluate progress towards these goals
  •  appreciate sustainability and the impact of science within the broader economic, environmental and socio-cultural context
  •  present and interpret data or other scientific information using graphs, tables, figures and symbols
  •  work independently and as part of a team and to take individual responsibility with a group for developing and achieving goals
  •  actively seek, identify and create effective contacts with others in a professional and social context, and maintain those contacts for mutual benefit
  •  recognize the importance of safety and risk management and compliance with safety procedures
  •  manipulative equations and measurements with due regard for significant figures and unit conventions

• Laboratory Skills
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  perform careful and safe experiments
  •  accurately report scientific observations
  •  work as a professional scientist with due regard for personal safety and for the safety of those around you
  •  interpret observations in terms of chemical models with appropriate use of chemical equations and calculations
  •  perform calculations containing concentrations, moles and masses
  •  choose and use appropriate glassware for a given task
  •  choose and use balances accurately and appropriately
  •  present and interpret data or other scientific information using graphs, tables, figures and symbols
  •  work as a member of a team and to take individual responsibility within a group for developing and achieving group goals
  •  actively seek, identify and create effective contacts with others in a professional and social context, and maintain those contacts for mutual benefit

• Atomic Structure
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  list the particles that make up atoms, their symbols and their relative masses and charges
  •  calculate the average atomic mass from isotope information
  •  identify the components of the wave equation
  •  convert between the wavelength, frequency and energy of light
  •  explain the meaning of the orbital quantum numbers, n, l, m, and the designation of orbitals such as 1s, 3d, 4p, 4f.
  •  recognise the shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals in these representations

• The Periodic Table
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  draw out the electron configuration for atoms in the s-, p- and d- blocks of the Periodic Table, including unpaired electrons
  •  assign atoms to appropriate groups in the Periodic Table on the basis of their properties
  •  give examples of periodic trends and chemical properties used to construct the Periodic Table
  •  explain periodic trends in atomic radii and ionization energies in terms of size and effective nuclear charge
  •  give examples of essential, toxic and medicinal elements
  •  describe how the role of these elements relates to their chemical properties

• Chemical Bonding
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  appreciate what a mole of substance is
  •  convert between mass and moles and between moles and mass
  •  work out the percentage yield in a chemical reaction by identifying the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield
  •  use experimentally determined percentage composition to work out the empirical formula
  •  use the ideal gas law to relate the number of moles, pressure, volume and temperature of a gas using the common units of pressure (atm, Pa and mmHg), volume (mL, L and m³) and the appropriate value of the gas constant, R
  •  explain the characteristics of ionic, metallic and covalent bonding
  •  draw out plausible Lewis structures for simple polyatomic molecules
  •  assign bond orders based on sharing of electron pairs and resonance structures
  •  identify single, double and triple bonds and the σ and π-components of these bonds

• The Shapes of Molecules
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  work out the number of bonding and non-bonding pairs from the Lewis structure of a molecule
  •  predict the distribution of these pairs around an atom
  •  place any lone pairs in appropriate positions to minimize the overall electron pair repulsion
  •  predict and describe the molecular shape
  •  predict the hybridization around C, N and O atoms in organic compounds
  •  relate electronegativity to bond polarity
  •  relate bond polarity and molecular shape to the existence of a molecular dipole moment

• Intermolecular forces
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  describe the different kinds of intermolecular forces that exist
  •  identify which intermolecular forces are present and which are more important between different molecules
  •  relate variations in melting and boiling points in related compounds to their intermolecular forces

• Acids and Bases
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  list common acids and bases
  •  define acids and bases according to the Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry models 
  •  use the definitions of pH and K_w to quantify the acidity and basicity of aqueous solutions
  •  explain the difference between a strong and weak acid and the difference between a strong and weak base in terms of the percentage dissociation in solution

• Introduction to Organic Chemistry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  understand the basis of drawing organic structures
  •  convert between a condesned molecular formula and a skeletal or line structure
  •  determine the formula of a molecule from its skeletal representation
  •  identify the functional groups in a molecule

• Alkanes
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  name simple alkanes using IUPAC nomenclature
  •  distinguish between conformational and configurational isomers of alkanes 
  •  draw the chair representation of 6-membered cycloalkane rings

• Alkenes
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify alkene diastereomers as E or Z
  •  identify the electrophiles and nucleophiles in a reaction
  •  follow a reaction mechanism using curly arrows
  •  predict the major products obtained from the reaction of alkenes with electrophiles (using Markovnikov's rule)

• Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the special stability of benzene and why it does not react like an alkene
  •  name simple aromatic compounds using IUPAC nomenclature
  •  predict the products for the reaction of benzene with several different electrophiles

• Heterocyclic Compounds
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  predict whether a molecule is aromatic
  •  identify the basic nitrogen atoms in heterocyclic compounds
  •  identify tautomers and predict their structures
  •  recognise the important role of aromatic compounds in biology and medicine

• Organic Halogen Compounds
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify and name organic halogen compounds
  •  predict the products of the elimination of alkyl halides, using Zaitsev's rule, and give the reagents required to perform this reaction
  •  Identify the products of nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides
  •  determine the nucleophile required to react with an alkyl halide to give a specified product
  •  appreciate that nucleophilic substitution follows two mechanisms and the factors that effect each mechanism
  •  identify a Grignard Reagent and know how to make it

• Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Thiols
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify and name simple alcohols, diols, triols and phenols
  •  explain why phenols are more acidic than alcohols
  •  predict the products of oxidation of an alcohol and give the reagents required to perform this reaction
  •  explain the nucleophilicity and basicity of alcohols
  •  predict the products of the elimination of alcohols, using Zaitsev's rule, and give the reagents required to perform this reaction
  •  explain the mechanism of dehydration 
  •  predict the products of oxidation of a thiol and reduction of a disulfide

• Amines
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  recognise and name amines
  •  predict the reactivity of amines as bases and nucleophiles
  •  appreciate the role played by amines in nature

• Aldehydes and Ketones
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify and name simple ketones and aldehydes
  •  explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl
  •  predict the products of oxidation and reduction of aldehydes and ketones and give the reagents required to perform these reactions
  •  identify the oxidant and reductant in the NADH / NAD⁺ cycle
  •  recognize hemiacetals and acetals
  •  identify the products of their reactions with Grignard reagents
  •  identify the products of their reactions with amines

• Spectroscopy
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the basic principles of a mass spectrometer
  •  identify the molecular ion, base peak and daughter ions in a mass spectrum
  •  recognize the isotope distribution characteristic or bromine and chlorine containing compounds in a mass spectrum
  •  use the information that IR and UV-visible spectra provide to aid in the determination of structures
  •  explain the basic principles of NMR spectroscopy
  •  identify the number and type of hydrogen environments in a molecule and predict the the number of signals in a ¹H NMR spectrum
  •  predict the number of hydrogen atoms in each environment from the size of the signals in a ¹H NMR spectrum
  •  predict the number of hydrogen atoms on neighbouring atoms from the multiplicity of the signals in a ¹H NMR spectrum
  •  determine the structure of a simple compound from spectroscopic data
  •  appreciate the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medical applications

• Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify and name simple carboxylic acids
  •  give the products from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with a base and recognize that this is a reversible reaction
  •  suggest preparation reactions from primary alcohols and from Grignard reagents and CO₂
  •  predict the product of the reduction of a carboxylic acid and give the reagents required to perform this reaction
  •  identify carboxylic acid derivatives as esters, amides, acid halides and acid anhydrides
  •  give the products obtained upon hydrolysis of these carboxylic acid derivatives
  •  recognize that acid halides are more reactive than esters which are, in turn, more reactive than amides
  •  predict the products that will be formed when a carboxylic acid derivative is treated with an alcohol or amine
  •  give the reagents required for the interconversion of carboxylic acid derivatives
  •  list the physical properties of fats and oils

• Stereochemistry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify stereogenic centres in organic molecules
  •  distinguish between different types of isomers, including enantiomers and diastereomers
  •  use (R)- and (S)- descriptors to describe enantiomers and identify if a compouind has (R)- or (S)- stereochemistry
  •  convert between stereo structures and Fischer projections
  •  determine the maximum number of isomers possible in a compound with more than one stereogenic centre  
  •  identify meso compounds and when to expect them 
  •  appreciate the role of chirality in nature and in drug design

• Carbohydrates
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  use Fisher projections to represent the structures of D- and L-sugars
  •  convert between Fisher projections and Haworth representations
  •  identify the anomeric carbon atom in cyclic saccharides
  •  predict the products of oxidation and reduction of sugars
  •  predict the products of hydrolysis of disaccharides and polysaccharides

• Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  predict whether the acid and amine groups in amino acids will be protonated at different pH values
  •  predict the pI of amino acids and simple peptides
  •  describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins

     

• DNA and Nucleic Acids
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  appreciate the possibility of tautomerism in heterocycles
  •  describe the structural building blocks of RNA and DNA

• Synthetic Transformations
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  appreciate the challenges and strategies used in synthesis and drug design

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