The learning outcomes for this unit are described below. These outcomes are built from the learning activities in lectures, tutorials, laboratory and independent study. Important attributes are:

• the ability to apply scientific knowledge and critical thinking to identify, define and analyse problem and create solutions: you will be expected to demonstrate these outcomes on problems drawn from the material presented in the course and to novel situations.
• the ability to evaluate your own performance and development and to recognize gaps in your knowledge: keep a portfolio of your progress using the 'self assessment tool'

• Generic Attributes
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  apply scientific knowledge and critical thinking to identify, define and analyse problems, create solutions, evaluate opinions, innovate and improve current practices
  •  gather, evaluate and deploy information relevant to a scientific problem
  •  disseminate new knowledge and engage in debate about scientific issues
  •  recognize the rapid and sometimes major changes in scientific knowledge and technology, and to value the importance of continual growth in knowledge and skills
  •  use a range of computer software packages in the process of gathering, processing and disseminating scientific knowledge
  •  make value judgements about the reliability and relevance of information in a scientific context
  •  evaluate your own performance and development, to recognize gaps in knowledge and acquire new knowledge independently
  •  set achievable and realistic goals and monitor and evaluate progress towards these goals
  •  appreciate sustainability and the impact of science within the broader economic, environmental and socio-cultural context
  •  present and interpret data or other scientific information using graphs, tables, figures and symbols
  •  work independently and as part of a team and to take individual responsibility with a group for developing and achieving goals
  •  actively seek, identify and create effective contacts with others in a professional and social context, and maintain those contacts for mutual benefit
  •  recognize the importance of safety and risk management and compliance with safety procedures
  •  manipulative equations and measurements with due regard for significant figures and unit conventions

• Laboratory Skills
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  perform careful and safe experiments
  •  accurately report scientific observations
  •  work as a professional scientist with due regard for personal safety and for the safety of those around you
  •  interpret observations in terms of chemical models with appropriate use of chemical equations and calculations
  •  perform calculations containing concentrations, moles and masses
  •  choose and use appropriate glassware for a given task
  •  choose and use balances accurately and appropriately
  •  present and interpret data or other scientific information using graphs, tables, figures and symbols
  •  work as a member of a team and to take individual responsibility within a group for developing and achieving group goals
  •  actively seek, identify and create effective contacts with others in a professional and social context, and maintain those contacts for mutual benefit

• The Periodic Table
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  recognize trends in the Periodic Table, such as in ionic radii
  •  understand and explain reasons for those trends
  •  use trends to predict reactivity

• Introduction to Atomic Structure
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  list the particles that make up atoms, their symbols and their relative masses and charges
  •  recognise how relative atomic masses are derived
  •  calculate relative molar mass for any substance
  •  understand the difference between a Bohr model and quantum mechanical model of an atom
  •  understand the relationship between the four quantum numbers and electron configuration
  •  explain the meaning of the orbital quantum numbers, n, l, m, and the designation of orbitals such as 1s, 3d, 4p, 4f
  •  determine the electron configuration of an element from its position in the Periodic Table
  •  recognise whether an element is a metal, non-metal or semi-metal from its position in the Periodic Table
     

• The Biological Periodic Table
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  list important building blocks of living organisms
    
  •  identify essential, toxic and medicinal elements
  •  explain the functioning of metals in the body
  •  think about the consequences of the properties of elements for drug design

• Stoichiometry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  write and balance chemical equations
  •  use the mole concept for stoichiometry calculations
  •  apply the ideal gas laws
  •  consider partial pressures and their real life consequences

• Chemical Bonding
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the characteristics of ionic, metallic and covalent bonding
  •  use the difference in electronegativity of two elements to predict the type of bond that will form between them
  •  relate electronegativity to bond polarity
  •  write Lewis structures for any molecule
  •  use the concept of resonance to explain stability
  •  apply the hybridization concept
  •  explain covalent bonding in terms of orbital sharing

• The Shapes of Molecules
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  use VSEPR to explain and predict molecular shapes
  •  deduce shapes from Lewis structures
  •  determine the hybridization of C, N and O in organic molecules from the geometry
  •  explain bonding in molecules using hybrid orbitals

• Intermolecular forces
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify which attractive forces exist
  •  rank melting and boiling points according to the presence and strength of these attractive forces
  •  list the factors which influence solubility
  •  explain physical properties of compounds based on intermolecular forces

• Introduction to Colloids and Surface Chemistry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  classify colloids
  •  explain surface chemistry based on intermolecular interactions
  •  explain the origin of osmotic pressure
  •  calculate osmotic pressures for various solutions
  •  apply osmotic pressure in context

• Introduction to Chemical Energetics
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  perform calculations using ΔH
  •  apply Hess’s law
  •  explain the entropy concept qualitatively
  •  perform calculations using ΔS
     
  •  explain and use the concept of Gibb’s free energy
  •  explain the importance of ΔG in biological systems

• Chemical Equilibrium
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  define chemical equilibrium
  •  formulate equilibrium equations for chemical reaction
  •  perform calculations involving equilibrium constant K
  •  compare and contrast K and Q
  •  apply Le Chatelier’s principle to equilibrium systems
  •  compare and contrast equilibrium and steady state

• Acids and Bases
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  define strong and weak acids and bases
  •  describe the equilibria between acids and bases
  •  recognize conjugate acid-base pairs
  •  use pH, pK_a and pK_b in calculations
  •  describe the chemical basis of the buffer effect
  •  use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation in buffer calculations
  •  determine charges in biological molecules which depend on the pH

• Solutions
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the origin of osmotic pressure
  •  calculate osmotic pressure for various solutions
  •  apply osmotic pressure in context

• Redox Reactions and Introduction to Electrochemistry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  define electrochemical cell
    
  •  balance redox equations
  •  determine cell potential
  •  use line notation
  •  apply Nernst equation
  •  describe concentration cells

• Chemical Kinetics
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  determine the rate law from experimental data
  •  determine the reaction order from the rate law
  •  use the integrated rate law (for first order reactions only)
  •  use half lifes
  •  describe the collision model of reaction kinetics
  •  appreciate the role of the activation energy in determining the rate law
  •  use the Arrhenius equation to work out the activation energy
  •  describe how catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction mechanism with a lower activation energy

• Introduction to Organic Chemistry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  understand the basis of drawing organic structures
  •  convert between a condensed molecular formula and a skeletal or line structure
  •  determine the formula of a molecule from its skeletal representation
  •  identify the functional groups in a molecule
  •  appreciate the link between solubility and the nature of the functional group

• Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, Benzene
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  understand the difference between constitutional isomers and stereoisomers
  •  recognize constitutional, conformational and diastereoisomers
  •  identify whether an isomer is Z or E
  •  predict the major products obtained from the reaction of alkenes with electrophiles (using Markovnikov's rule)
  •  explain the special stability of benzene and why it does not react like an alkene

• Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Thiols
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain why phenols are more acidic than alcohols
  •  predict the products of oxidation of an alcohol and give the reagents required to perform this reaction
  •  predict the products of oxidation of a thiol and reduction of a disulfide

• Amines
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify an acid-base reaction occurring between two molecules
  •  recognize that amines are both basic and nucleophilic

• Aldehydes and Ketones
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  predict the products of oxidation and reduction of aldehydes and ketones and give the reagents required to perform these reactions
  •  predict the products of the reaction between alcohols and aldehydes and ketones

• Identification of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify the molecular ion, base peak and daughter ions in a mass spectrum
  •  use the information that IR and UV-visible spectra provide to aid in the determination of structures
  •  identify the number and type of hydrogen environments in a molecule and predict the the number of signals in a ¹H NMR spectrum
  •  predict the number of hydrogen atoms in each environment from the size of the signals in a ¹H NMR spectrum
  •  predict the number of hydrogen atoms on neighbouring atoms from the multiplicity of the signals in a ¹H NMR spectrum
  •  determine the structure of a simple compound from spectroscopic data

• Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  give the products from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with a base and recognize that this is a reversible reaction
  •  predict the product of the reduction of a carboxylic acid and give the reagents required to perform this reaction
  •  identify carboxylic acid derivatives as acid halides, acid anhydrides, thioesters, esters and amides
  •  give the products obtained upon hydrolysis of these carboxylic acid derivatives
  •  recognize that acid halides are more reactive than esters which are, in turn, more reactive than amides
  •  predict the products that will be formed when a carboxylic acid derivative is treated with an alcohol or amine
  •  give the reagents required for the interconversion of carboxylic acid derivatives

• Heterocyclic Compounds
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  predict whether a molecule is aromatic
  •  identify the basic nitrogen atoms in heterocyclic compounds
  •  identify tautomers and predict their structures

• Shapes of Molecules: Stereochemistry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify stereogenic centres in organic molecules
  •  distinguish between different types of isomers, including enantiomers and diastereoisomers
  •  use (R)- and (S)- descriptors to describe enantiomers and identify if a compound has (R)- or (S)- stereochemistry
  •  predict the stereochemistry of compounds with two stereogenic centres
  •  appreciate the role of chirality in nature and drug design

• Biomolecules: Carbohydrates
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  use Fisher projections to represent the structures of D- and L-sugars
  •  convert between Fisher projections and Haworth representations
  •  identify the anomeric carbon atom in cyclic saccharides
  •  predict the products of oxidation and reduction of sugars
  •  predict the products of hydrolysis of disaccharides and polysaccharides

• Biomolecules: Proteins and DNA
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  predict whether the acid and amine groups in amino acids will be protonated at different pH values
  •  predict the pI of amino acids and simple peptides
  •  describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
  •  predict the products of hydrolysis of simple peptides
  •  appreciate the possibility of tautomerism in heterocycles
  •  describe the structural building blocks of RNA and DNA

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