Chemistry 1B
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Topics covered |
| Representations of Molecular Structure
- revise VSEPR, bonding and shape
- shape and hybridisation for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
- stick notation
- functional groups and nomenclature
Alkanes
- constitutional isomers
- conformational isomers
- cis/trans isomers of cyclic alkanes
Alkenes
- pi-bonds and structure
- E/Z isomers
- introduction to organic mechanisms
- addition reactions, mechanism of electrophilic addition
- Markovnikov's rule: carbocation stability
- reaction summary (addition reactions, orientation of addition and carbocation stability)
Alkynes
- addition reactions
Aromatic Compounds
- benzene: aromaticity, resonance
- electrophilic aromatic substitution (bromination only)
- compare to alkenes |
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Structural Determination
- mass spectrometry
- infrared spectroscopy
- UV-visible spectroscopy
- 1H NMR spectroscopy
- MRI and medical applications
- problem solving exercises
Alcohols
- structure of alcohols, phenols and ethers
- H-bonding and physical properties of alcohols
- acid-base reactions of alcohols & phenols: resonance stabilisation and stability of conjugate base
-oxidation reactions
-elimination reactions and Zaitsev's rule
Amines - structure of amines
- H-bonding and physical properties of amines
- amines as bases
Stereochemistry - stereogenic centres
- optical activity
- (R), (S) nomenclature
- racemic mixtures
- importance of chirality in nature and drug design
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Organic Halogen Compounds
- substitiution reactions and scope
- SN1 and SN2 mechanisms: compare carbocation stability and steric hindrance
- consequences of stereochemistry
- elimination reactions
- Grignard formation
Aldehydes and Ketones
- structure and polatiry
- nucleophilic addition reactions of Grignard reagents and hydride reducing agents
- oxidation of aldehydes
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- carboxylic acids
- acidity and resonance stabilisation of conjugate base
- reduction to primary alcohols
- formation of acid chlorides
- derivatives (acid halides, anhydrides, esters and amides)
- acid halides, anhydrides, esters & amides
- relative reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
- interconversion and hydrolysis of derivatives
- polymers and example of nylon66
Synthetic Strategies
- design of target molecules
- problem solving
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Strong Acids and Bases
- electrolytes - strong and weak
- autoionisation of water
- conjugate acid-base pairs
Weak Acids and Bases - carboxylic acids, carbonic acids, phenols
- ammonia, amines
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Calculations Involving pKa
- calculations involving pKa and pKb
- buffers
- common ion effect
Periodic Trends in Aqueous Oxides - acids and bases
Physical States and Phase Diagrams
- single component
- enthalpy change
- entropy (qualitative) in gas-liquid equilibrium and endothermicity
- trends in elemental freezing and boiling points
Intermolecular Forces and Phase Behaviour
- boiling point trends
- solid structure (ice, etc.)
- water/salt equilibrium, saturated solutions
- alloys
- miscibility
Crystal Structures
Solubility Equilibrium
- calculations involving Ksp
- solubility trends as a function of polarity of solvents (e.g. alcohols in water)
- solubility of ionic solids
- role of intermolecular forces in solubility
- heats of solvation |
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Hydrolysis of Metal Ions
- introduction to the ligand bond
Metals in Biology
- introduction to transition metals
Coordination Chemistry
- complexes
- cis/trans
- oxidation states
- colour
Kinetics
- variability of reaction rates
- review of 1st order rate constants from nuclear chemistry and introduction to 2nd order rate constants
- mechanism and rate determining steps
Kinetics - Influences - temperature and the Arrhenius relation
- diffusion constants
- solvent polarity
Kinetics - Catalysis
- altering the mechanism
- industrial example
- enzymes |
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TextbookBlackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino and Wille, |