The learning outcomes for this unit are described below. These outcomes are built from the learning activities in lectures, tutorials, laboratory and independent study. Important attributes are:

• the ability to apply scientific knowledge and critical thinking to identify, define and analyse problem and create solutions: you will be expected to demonstrate these outcomes on problems drawn from the material presented in the course and to novel situations.
• the ability to evaluate your own performance and development and to recognize gaps in your knowledge: keep a portfolio of your progress using the 'self assessment tool'

• Generic Attributes
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  apply scientific knowledge and critical thinking to identify, define and analyse problems, create solutions, evaluate opinions, innovate and improve current practices
  •  gather, evaluate and deploy information relevant to a scientific problem
  •  disseminate new knowledge and engage in debate about scientific issues
  •  recognize the rapid and sometimes major changes in scientific knowledge and technology, and to value the importance of continual growth in knowledge and skills
  •  use a range of computer software packages in the process of gathering, processing and disseminating scientific knowledge
  •  make value judgements about the reliability and relevance of information in a scientific context
  •  evaluate your own performance and development, to recognize gaps in knowledge and acquire new knowledge independently
  •  set achievable and realistic goals and monitor and evaluate progress towards these goals
  •  appreciate sustainability and the impact of science within the broader economic, environmental and socio-cultural context
  •  present and interpret data or other scientific information using graphs, tables, figures and symbols
  •  work independently and as part of a team and to take individual responsibility with a group for developing and achieving goals
  •  actively seek, identify and create effective contacts with others in a professional and social context, and maintain those contacts for mutual benefit
  •  recognize the importance of safety and risk management and compliance with safety procedures
  •  manipulative equations and measurements with due regard for significant figures and unit conventions

• Laboratory Skills
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  perform careful and safe experiments
  •  accurately report scientific observations
  •  work as a professional scientist with due regard for personal safety and for the safety of those around you
  •  interpret observations in terms of chemical models with appropriate use of chemical equations and calculations
  •  perform calculations containing concentrations, moles and masses
  •  choose and use appropriate glassware for a given task
  •  choose and use balances accurately and appropriately
  •  present and interpret data or other scientific information using graphs, tables, figures and symbols
  •  work as a member of a team and to take individual responsibility within a group for developing and achieving group goals
  •  actively seek, identify and create effective contacts with others in a professional and social context, and maintain those contacts for mutual benefit

• Elements and Atoms
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain what an element is
  •  appreciate that elements may be metals or non-metals and may be solids, liquids or gases and what these terms mean
  •  recognize that elements are labelled using their chemical symbol
  •  explain the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures
  •  explain the difference between allotropes and the physical state of an element
  •  explain what atoms are and how they combine to form compounds
  •  appreciate the difference between physical and chemical properties
  •  list the particles that make up atoms, their symbols and their relative masses and charges
  •  read and write the atomic symbol containing the mass number and atomic number
  •  explain what isotopes are and work out the number of neutrons an isotope contains from its atomic symbol
  •  explain how elements can change into another by radioactive decay
  •  explain what light is and how its energy is related to its frequency and wavelength
  •  draw the shell structure of atoms with up to 18 electrons

• Molecules and Ions
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  work out the number of electrons an ion has from its symbol
  •  recognize that most ions have a Noble gas configuration
  •  predict whether an element will form a cation or an anion
  •  explain the characteristics of ionic bonding
  •  read and write the chemical formula of ionic compounds
  •  name simple binary ionic compounds according to IUPAC nomenclature
  •  explain how covalent molecules are bonded together and how they differ from ionic compounds
  •  draw simple Lewis dot and line diagrams showing single, double and triple bonds and lone pairs
  •  read and write the chemical formula of covalent compounds
  •  use molecular formula, empirical formula and structural formula
  •  name simple covalent compounds using IUPAC nomenclature
  •  predict the polarity of the bonds in molecules
  •  list the properties of metallic, ionic and covalent solids

• Chemical Equations
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain what chemical reactions are and why they occur
  •  identify reactions as being combination, precipitation, decomposition, replacement or acid/base
  •  write balanced chemical equations for reactions of neutral species, including physical states
  •  write balanced chemical equations for reactions involving charged species, including physical states
  •  write balanced ionic equations for reactions without spectator ions, including physical states
  •  list the characteristics of acids including their reactions

• Stoichiometry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  work out atomic mass as a weighted average of isotope masses
  •  work out the molecular mass of a covalent compound from its chemical formula
  •  work out the formula mass of an ionic compound from its chemical formula
  •  relate the mass of a substance to the number of particles it contains using Avogadro's constant
  •  appreciate what a mole of substance is
  •  convert between mass and moles and between moles and mass
  •  work out which reactant is the limiting reagent in a reaction and use it to predict how much product can form
  •  work out the percentage yield in a chemical reaction by identifying the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield
  •  use experimentally determined percentage composition to work out the empirical formula
  •  identify the solvent, solute and solution for a reaction in a solution
  •  interconvert between moles, concentration and volume given two of these quantities

• The Periodic Table
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  recognize the relationships between elements in the same periods and in the same groups
  •  predict the properties of an element from its position, including its metallic, semi-metallic or non-metallic properties and the acid, basic or amphoteric properties of its oxide

• Atomic Energy Levels
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  list the quantum numbers used to label atomic orbitals
  •  identify s and p-orbitals from pictures of their shapes
  •  use the aufbau principle and Hund's rule to write down electron configurations for atoms and ions with up to 18 electrons

• Lewis Model of Bonding
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  draw Lewis structures for molecules containing single and multiple bonds and with lone pairs
  •  draw resonance structures for molecules where more than one Lewis structure is possible
  •  recognize that molecules with resonance structures have bonds which are intermediate between single and double bonds

• VSEPR
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  work out the number of bonding and non-bonding pairs from the Lewis structure of a molecule
  •  predict the distribution of these pairs around an atom
  •  place any lone pairs in appropriate positions to minimize the overall electron pair repulsion
  •  predict and describe the molecular shape

• Gas Laws
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  use the ideal gas law to relate the number of moles, pressure, volume and temperature of a gas
  •  relate gas density and molar mass
  •  convert between the common units of pressure (atm, Pa and mmHg
  •  use the appropriate value of the gas constant, R

• Thermochemistry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the difference between heat and temperature
  •  appreciate that heat is mostly associated with changes kinetic energy and chemical reactions are mostly associated with changes in potential energy

• First Law of Thermodynamics
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the difference between heat and temperature
  •  identify a process as endothermic or exothermic from the temperature change
  •  relate temperature and heat change using specific and molar heat capacities
  •  calculate internal energy changes using the bomb calorimeter
  •  define the difference between internal energy and enthalpy
  •  obtain the enthalpy change using a coffee-cup calorimeter
  •  use Hess's Law
  •  estimate reaction enthalpies from bond energies
  •  define standard states
  •  combine enthalpies of formation to work out the enthalpy change for chemical reactions
  •  combine enthalpies of reactions to work out the enthalpies of formation
  •  explain the advantages and disadvantages of solid, petroleum, hypergolic and cryogenic (hydrogen) fuels
  •  work out the efficiency of fuels

• Types of Intermolecular Forces
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  describe the different kinds of intermolecular forces that exist
  •  identify which intermolecular forces are present and which are more important between different molecules
  •  relate variations in melting and boiling points in related compounds to their intermolecular forces
  •  describe the subunits of synthetic and natural polymers
  •  outline the role of intramolecular and intermolecular forces on the primary, secondary, quaternary and tertiary structure of synthetic and natural polymers

• Oxidation Numbers
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  assign formal oxidation numbers to each atom in a compound

• Nitrogen Chemistry and Compounds
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  work out the oxidation number of nitrogen in its compounds
  •  work out the shapes and the number of unpaired electrons on nitrogen oxides and halides
  •  explain the difference between a fuel and an explosive

• Nitrogen in the Atmosphere
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the formation of PAN and acid rain
  •  discuss the NO_x cycle in the atmosphere
  •  comment on the evidence for global warming and the most important greenhouse gases

• Chemical Equilibrium
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the dynamic nature of equilibrium processes
  •  write the equilibrium constant for any reaction or process
  •  use initial, change, equilibrium (ICE) tables and the small 'x' approach to work out equilibrium concentations
  •  use Le Chatelier's principle to predict the response of a system at equilibrium to changes in temperature, pressure and composition
  •  explain the difference between the equilibrium constant, K, and the reaction quotient, Q
  •  write down the reaction quotient and use it to predict the direction of change
  •  explain how catalysts effect chemical reactions without changing the equilibrium concentrations

• Equilibrium and Thermochemistry in Industrial Processes
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the main processes used industrially to extract metals from their ores
  •  use Ellingham diagrams to predict which metals can be extracted using coke at different temperatures
  •  discuss the role of the chemical industry in the modern world and Australia with particular regard to the Top Ten chemicals
  •  outline the thermodynamic principles behind the industrially optimized routes to sulfuric acid and ammonia

• Electrochemistry
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  relate the sign of the electrode potential to the direction of spontaneous change
  •  combine half cells to produce balanced redox reactions and to calculate cell potentials
  •  identify the species which are being oxidzied and those being reduced in a redox reaction
  •  write down the cell notation for a Galvanic cell including ones involving inert electrodes
  •  use the Nernst equation to calculate the effect of concentration on the cell potential
  •  relate the electrode potential and the reaction quotient
  •  relate the standard electrode potential and the equilibrium constant

• Electrochemistry (Batteries and Corrosion)
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  explain the difference between primary and secondary batteries
  •  identify the chemical reactions in common batteries
  •  explain how fuel cells work
  •  explain how corrosion occurs and can be reduced

• Electrolytic Cells
  
  By the end of this topic, you should be able to
  •  identify the processes and species formed at the anode and cathode of Galvanic and electrolytic cells
  •  identify the direction of electron flow in Galvanic and electrolytic cells
  •  identify what can be electroysed and the role of over-potential in the electrolysis of water and in the production of NaOH and Cl₂
  •  use Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis to relate the amount of product to the electric current applied

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